Friday, June 1, 2012

Teaching Material for Primary Teachers

Recent times have seen the burgeoning of primary and secondary schools in India which are both government-aided and private schools. This has led to a massive need for teaching jobs in India especially in primary schools, which have grown at a bigger rate than secondary school. But the job of a primary teacher is no easy task as the training and education imparted by a primary teacher lays the very foundation on which a child later grows and develops.

Most schools recruit only those teachers, who have gone through a proper Primary Teachers Training course. In addition to that, experienced and aspirant primary teachers feel the need to be updated with the modern teaching methods and material and hence, opt to go through Primary Teacher Training before taking it up as a career.

An ideal Primary Teachers Training course trains the teachers to understand the psychology of children aged between two and twelve years old.

A prospective primary teacher must be first made aware of the importance of their job and the long-lasting effect education has in the formative years of a child. They are made aware of the social, emotional, physical and mental needs of children because it is important to learn about needs of children before taking on the responsibility of educating them, which would help shape up their individual personalities. Primary teachers are responsible for creating in a child, a general consciousness about the environment and develop behavioral and moral values in them.

While undergoing a Primary Teachers Training course, a trainee not only learns about the teaching material required for primary teaching but also the latest techniques and skills of teaching best suitable for children of a specific age group. Lessons have to be planned and executed in a fashion both interesting and understandable to these young learners. Primary teacher training helps a teacher to learn and make lessons more interactive and demonstrative, which grabs the notice of a child and helps the child to retain the knowledge imparted. A teacher, who has successfully completed Primary Teacher Training, is better able to face the children confidently in a classroom and is competent in other and vital areas of teaching such as classroom management, disciplining students and crisis management while ensuring to give a free reign to the natural curiosity and imaginative power inherent in children to develop and grow into unique personalities.

The number of teaching jobs India and abroad for primary teachers is huge and the number of experienced and well-trained teachers proportionately low. Those with a good educational background and a knack for handling children could take up primary teaching as a career option. It is demanding in terms of time, energy and devotion but also very self-satisfying and noble. But a primary teacher must be well-trained before practicing this profession. Teaching jobs are not only available in India but also in huge numbers abroad and with the right course and experience, this can be a very lucrative career option.

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Youth Mountain Bike

Youth Mountain Bike

Competitors are the main instrument on the youth mountain bike at work and compete for teams and individual events, with the sprints, time trial and pursuit. The goal is always to make the route before the other competitors. Rule The various modes (road, road, mountain bike and BMX) are held independently, with a distribution of 18 gold medals in total. Athletes compete individually or in teams of cyclists only the same sex. No mixed teams. Rule Athletes compete in mixed teams. Each team comprises three men and one woman. In males, each athlete participating in one of three sports (BMX, mountain bike and race against the clock). All vie for the road race. The woman competes in three events. The final team score is based on the points won in all competitions played. Another great victory for the Mountain Bike (MTB) S?o Paulo and Brazil, the Secretariat of Sports, Recreation and Youth State of the MTB recognized as official program from the Regional Games 2011. Due to the large participation of cities and athletes in competitions held by FPMTB - Mountain Bike Federation of Sports in the eight regions of the state in 2010 (Regional Games) and Games in Open Country, the MTB is establishing itself in major amateur competitions in the country, What are Open Games of the state of Sao Paulo. The methods included as 2011 is the official Olympic Cross Country (XCO) is an Olympic sport since 1996, in Atlanta, which also will be played in Brazil in the 2016 Olympics. Another great victory for the Mountain Bike (MTB) S?o Paulo and Brazil, the Secretariat of Sports, Recreation and Youth State of the MTB recognized as official program from the Regional Games 2011. Due to the large participation of cities and athletes in competitions held by FPMTB - Mountain Bike Federation of Sports in the eight regions of the state in 2010 (Regional Games) and Games in Open Country, the MTB is establishing itself in major amateur competitions in the country, What are Open Games of the state of Sao Paulo. The methods included as 2011 is the official Olympic Cross Country (XCO) is an Olympic sport since 1996, in Atlanta, which also will be played in Brazil in the 2016 Olympics. It remains now, only the inclusion of the Marathon and the Downhill at the Games since the first is the modality that has the largest number of athletes in sports events and the second mode that won the largest number of medals for Brazil in the Pan American Guatemala, for the sport to reach its fullest. The inclusion of youth mountain bike biking as a sport official is due to the healthy competition that CBMTB and the State Federations of youth mountain bike Biking caused after its creation, bringing great benefits to the sport. Also, this was one of the issues at its foundation: to create competition with the creation of entities, so that the least that there is an improvement in quality of treatment of existing bodies, athletes, and, consequently, as a sport whole. Some facts also boosted this achievement, as the awareness of the State Government, by the FPMTB in 2010 about the importance of the presence of MTB in Regional Games Open in addition to the official BOC - Brazilian Olympic Committee and the Ministry of Sports CBMTB as the official entity administering the Brazilian youth mountain bike biking, initiating the professionalization of the sport, since there is an urgent need to train athletes to represent our country at the Olympics in 2016 in Brazilian soil. Another great victory for the Mountain Bike (MTB) S?o Paulo and Brazil, the Secretariat of Sports, Recreation and Youth Affairs of the State of Sao Paul . . . . .

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Somali militants again threaten Kenyan skyscrapers

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I Music News Radio | Top Ten Restaurants in Austin ? I Music News ...

Top Ten Restaurants in Austin

Austin, TX|Top Ten Restaurants in Austin

Article by Joe Cline

Top Ten Restaurants in Austin ? Food ? Restaurant Reviews

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Austin?s Top Ten Fine Dining Establishments

Austin is known for barbecue, Tex-Mex spiciness, and cowboy food in general. But the Austin area also offers exquisite fine dining on a par with the most exclusive restaurants in the country. Contemporary flavors and world-class chefs offer exceptional selections, all with a uniquely Austin flair. Here are ten of the best:

Trio at the Four Seasons Hotel

Trio?s executive chef Elmar Prambs is known throughout the culinary world for his one-of-a-kind flavor profiles and beautiful presentations. At Trio, he combines his talents with those of Mark Sayre, an award-winning sommelier, to produce taste-tempting food and wine combinations. Specialties of the house include thick, juicy steaks and deliciously fresh seafood; the Sunday brunch buffet includes eggs Benedict, omelet stations, and an extensive dessert bar, earning it the title of Austin?s best brunch.

Driskill Grill

Recipient of numerous awards and consistently rated Austin?s best fine dining establishment, the Driskill Grill offers a fixed-price menu that includes innovative dishes like honey-glazed grilled Bandera quail with a cannellini bean cassoulet and herbed crusted Hodges Ranch lamb with dauphinoise potatoes. Chef Jonathan Gelman is widely renowned in the culinary world for his French- and Mediterranean-influenced American cuisine, and at the Driskill Grill, he showcases those innovative combinations on every plate.

Travis Restaurant

Located off the beaten path in the Lakeway Resort and Spa, Travis Restaurant offers lakeside dining and upscale elegance. Veteran chef David Reinbold brings his creative flair to the Austin area, using fresh local ingredients to showcase bold Southwestern flavors for brunch, lunch, and dinner.

Jeffrey?s

An Austin landmark since 1975, Jeffrey?s serves new American cuisine under the capable leadership of executive chef Deegan McClung. McClung brings a New Orleans sensibility to his creative and original dishes, incorporating elements of French, Creole, and Asian influences to produce uniquely delicious results.

Judges? Hill Restaurant & Bar

Located in the historic Goodall Wooten House, now converted into a luxury hotel, the Judges? Hill Restaurant & Bar combines an extensive wine bar with upscale American cuisine. Helmed by chef Rob Snow, the restaurant offers an eclectic selection of internationally-influenced favorites; braised short rib schnitzel is especially popular.

Imperia

Offering stylish and innovative Asian cuisine, Imperia offers exquisite dim sum and sushi for a discerning clientele. Using top-quality local ingredients, executive chef George Thomas serves up Thai, Japanese, Chinese, and pan-Asian dishes with a unique Austin flair.

Paggi House

Noted for its fresh seafood and innovative flavor profiles, Paggi House provides a scenic dining experience in sophisticated, upscale surroundings. The Paggi House is a historic Austin landmark dating back to the city?s earliest beginnings, and offers stunning views of Lady Bird Lake and the downtown area.

Perry?s Steakhouse & Grille

A classic steakhouse in the heart of the city, Perry?s is a popular destination for local executives and entrepreneurs. Serving up USDA prime steaks and chops, Perry?s also includes an extensive seafood selection on its menu. Perry?s now offers its unique cuisine for lunch as well, expanding from its previous Friday-only luncheon offerings.

Zoot

This upscale bistro offers a quiet, luxurious atmosphere; Zoot serves an eclectic menu showcasing French flavors and techniques, with its tasting menu a perennial favorite. Standouts include the sauted shrimp with cheddar grits and the grilled prime sirloin, served with a side of potato puree and marinated peppers.

Wink

Another project from the owners of Zoot, Wink focuses on seafood and poultry, and does them well. The five-course tasting menu features dayboat scallops and a crisp duck breast with red fingerlings as well as a signature seared lamb dish.

Whatever you?re in the mood for tonight, Austin is serving up something to suit your personal tastes. A wide array of exclusive and delicious options are available to provide the perfect meal for any occasion.

About the Author

Joe Cline writes articles for Austin real estate. Other articles written by the author related to Austin real estate and Round Rock real estate can be found on the net.

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Fight the Good Fight: 10 Steps to a Happier, Healthier Relationship ...

By Dr. Howard Rankin

1. Ask yourself: Do I want to be right or do I want to be happy? In many, many arguments, there is no right or wrong, merely different perceptions. But couples will often get to the point where they are just trying to prove their point and win the argument, rather than genuinely listen and try to solve the problem. This is a failing tactic for two reasons: 1) Even if you come up with a brilliant, winning point, your partner?s not likely to accept it-at least not right away. The really effective communicator gets the other person to own the idea, not force it down his or her throat. 2) Trying to win merely polarizes the partners and feeds their anger and resentment
making the discussion very unproductive if not downright destructive.

2. In general, try to create a positive environment for communication. If you want anyone, your partner in particular, to talk about his innermost feelings and thoughts, you have to create an environment in which he feels safe doing so.

?Early in my career I was working with a couple where the wife complained that her husband didn?t communicate with her,? explains Rankin. ?And sure enough, he sat silently through several counseling sessions. During our fourth session, he finally opened up and his wife immediately attacked what he was saying. He promptly stood up, said, ?That?s why I never say anything,? and left, never to be seen again.?

3. Don?t take arguments at face value. Few arguments are what they appear to be about on the surface. This is important to realize, especially if you and your partner are having the same argument over and over. The truth is that arguments about trivial things, like laundry, are generally about control. Even conflicts about sex and money are really about control when you get down to it. Once you know that control is a problem issue for you, says Dr. Rankin, you?ll at least have a clue as to how to address it.

?Of course, in a relationship, both partners can?t have 51 percent all the time,? he says. ?Still, if there is a mutual sense that control is by and large equitably distributed, these sorts of arguments are way less likely to occur.?

4. Let your partner finish what she is saying. Having observed many heated ?discussions? in his therapy sessions, Rankin says he knows first-hand things are headed south when partners start interrupting each other. It?s a sign that at least the interrupting partner is out to win and has stopped listening.

5. Don?t bring other people?s views into the argument. It can feel good to hash out your relationship issues with your mother, your best friend, or around the water cooler at work. But it?s not helpful to drag their opinions into a heated discussion with your spouse or partner. Consider this: It?s unlikely your friends will disagree with you, especially as you almost certainly presented only your side of the incident. (Chances are you?ve never had someone say to you, ?I polled 100 random people I don?t know, presented both sides of the argument in a balanced way, and 63 percent of those polled agreed with me.?)

?It just isn?t helpful to drag other people into a discussion that should be between you and your partner only,? explains Dr. Rankin. ?What you are doing is trying to create witnesses for your point of view as if you were in front of a judge. And as you?ll see in my next tip, that?s not what a healthy, productive discussion is about.?

Actually, he adds, you might want to reconsider your ?let it all hang out? policy altogether. The problem with discussing sensitive relationship issues with your friends, family, and coworkers is that it influences their attitude toward your spouse or partner, which won?t change after you?ve reconciled.

6. Remind yourself: You?re not in front of a judge. Some people argue with their partners as if they were addressing the judge and jury. This tactic will not get you very far, and here?s why: Your partner is not a coolly objective third party or a computer. Your Spock-like logic is wasted on him, especially in the heat of the moment.

?Every productive communication is about emotion and respect, rather than dispassionate logic,? says Dr. Rankin. ?Remember, people are emotional beings with the ability to rationalize, not logical beings with feelings.?

7. Don?t bring up ancient history. To some extent, this argument tactic reflects a gender difference, says Rankin. Typically, women are more likely to see the patterns in events with emotional significance so that today?s transgression resonates with many similar occasions in the past. Men don?t get this and think their partners are being irrelevant and overly critical.

Here?s the bottom line: Given that memory is imperfect and influenced by the present, unless this transgression is an exact repetition of past behavior and represents a destructive pattern of behavior, leave past events out of current discussions.

8. And speaking of gender differences. Realize they exist. No doubt about it ? Men and women are made differently, and this truth is the source of many pitfalls. In general, women see the world in terms of connections and relationships, and men see the world in terms of status and power. This leads to some interesting differences in communication-even in the meaning of words. For example, the word ?sorry? to a woman often connotes empathy whereas for men it is more likely to mean a confession or an apology.

?I?ve seen a well-intentioned man make a sarcastic comment to his wife, which amongst his male friends would be the cause for laughter and bonding,? says Dr. Rankin. ?Unfortunately, said to his wife, his words created anger and hurt.?

9. Extend the fuse. Once the brain chemicals that underpin anger and frustration get going, it?s hard, if not impossible, to stop them. So one mutual goal in sensitive discussions should be to ?extend the fuse,? because once it?s been lit, the argument is going nowhere productive.

?The longer you can stay respectful and manage your emotions, the better the outcome is likely to be,? notes Dr. Rankin.

10. Avoid abuse and threats and NEVER use the D-word. It should go without saying that the first signs of abuse or threat end any chance of a useful discussion. Constantly bringing up the threat of divorce in every argument isn?t helpful. And constantly making threats as an arguing tactic but never following through on them is likely to backfire as they lose any potential power they might have after a while.

In general people vary in their ability to present arguments and in their communication and influence skills, but don?t rejoice too much if you happen to be better than your partner at this. If one partner feels overmatched in a verbal discussion, she simply won?t compete and will find other ways of expressing herself-like passive-aggressiveness, deceit, or other ways of acting out.

Talking things out is the best and most effective way of resolving conflicts. If you can?t do it, you?ll surely resort to less effective and more destructive ways of expressing your feelings.

About Dr. Rankin:
Dr. Howard J. Rankin is the creator of www.scienceofyou.com and founder and president of the American Brain Association. He is a licensed clinical psychologist andauthor with a strong background in health, relationships, communication, neuropsychology, and mind-body medicine.

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Digital Property Rights - An Evolving Business Landscape ...

Creativity and invention are highly valued within the United States as reflected by patent laws dating back to 1790, with mention of intellectual property even included in the U.S. Constitution. Protecting these ideals was seen as key to promoting an innovative spirit within American society and encouraging the creation of new products. Ultimately, a steady influx of new products and services translates into a healthy economic market as consumers reap the benefits of innovation.

With the advent and rise of the Internet, digital property rights have become an increasingly hot-topic in the Board rooms and Executive Offices of major companies, particularly those in the hi-tech industry. Much like the information protected under intellectual property rights, digital products provide their creators with certain protections under the law. The problems and legal challenges facing major companies like Yahoo and Facebook will help better define the laws surrounding digital property rights, and likely present opportunities as well as a whole host of new legal questions.

Intellectual Property Rights?

The Internet is the newest marketplace for business transactions and laws have yet to catch up with the different types of digital property available online. Digital property rights represent the next generation of intellectual property rights, which puts them on the same playing field as patents, copyrights and trademark brands.

As intellectual property, digital information exists inside the Internet realm. In effect, transactions and agreements between companies and consumers take place in a virtual world as opposed to the ?real-life? world standard laws were designed to protect.

Instead of the written contract agreements drawn up between companies, new or existing businesses operate in an online marketplace that allows for considerable flexibility. Business-to-consumer transactions also operate within this virtual territory. Under these circumstances, it?s really no surprise to see major companies, such as Napster, Amazon, Google and Yahoo clash in areas having to do with digital property rights.

Digital property rights disputes arise when some form of counterfeiting or piracy occurs between companies. With the many forms that digital-intellectual property can take, rights infringements tend to pop up in unexpected places, though the companies involved in some of the more publicized disputes may very well have seen trouble brewing beforehand.

Patent Violations

Whenever an online company develops a new software technology, the company has the option of patenting their creation. And while payment transaction screens provide an ideal advertising space for generic credit?ads, Amazon.com ?a major online bookseller- decided to streamline their customer purchase transactions instead.

Amazon.com developed a new technology known as 1-click technology or ?one-click buying, which enables customers to make purchases in a single click. Rather than enter credit card and billing information each time a purchase is made, this information is stored in customer account files. Amazon was awarded a patent on this technology in 1999.

As this technology gives online businesses a convenient way to get the customer to the checkout as soon as possible, it didn?t take long for other large online companies to try to infringe on Amazon?s patent rights. Less than a month after Amazon received the patent, Barnes & Noble set up an ?Express Lane? checkout option that also allowed customers to make a purchase in one-click without having to look through a?best credit card compare?before making a purchase.

Not surprisingly, Amazon filed a lawsuit against Barnes & Noble for patent infringement violations. And while the lawsuit was settled in 2002, the terms of the settlement have yet to be disclosed. But at least Amazon had patents to enforce. ?So many of the new tech elite have little or no patent footprint. ?Will the failure to protect what they are building wind up to be their achilles heel?

Licensing Infringements?

The Internet thrives on new technologies involving web applications and their ability to interconnect with other digital devices. As many web applications are designed to interconnect with new cell phone technologies, the companies who develop the apps can benefit from increases in site traffic when mobile phone users pull up their application.

New web applications fall under the digital property category, so a company that owns a patent can require other companies to purchase usage licenses. This licensing option allows other companies to include the application on their device?s app menu.

Yahoo ?one of the Internet?s major search engines- developed and patented a mobile Yahoo News web application that allowed users to look through major new stories relevant to everything from Celebrities to Personal Finance. Facebook ? one of the Internet?s most popular social networking sites ??created its own mobile-compatible interface that allows users to interact on Facebook from their mobile phone device. Facebook took it upon itself to incorporate the Yahoo News web application into its Facebook Mobile interface.

And while the legal lines between web application rights and usage rights may still be somewhat fuzzy, Yahoo filed suit against Facebook for neglecting to purchase licensing rights to the Yahoo News web application. ?In spite of the substantial increase in traffic to the Yahoo News site since its appearance on the Facebook Mobile interface, Yahoo still had a certain responsibility to protect its shareholders interests and the interests of its employees.

Trademark Infringement?

Company trademarks become another form of digital property once a company takes its business onto the web. A trademark represents a company?s brand name, which can also embody the reputation of the company in terms of brand familiarity and respect. Trademark infringements occur when another company ?usually a competitor ??uses a company trademark to enhance its own image.

In 2006, Google ? the largest Internet search engine ??was the subject of a lawsuit involving the sale of the company name ?Rescuecom? as a keyword term. As Google specializes in selling keyword terms and phrases as part of its advertising program, Google was selling the Rescuecom trademark name as a keyword term to Rescuecom?s competitors. Interestingly enough, Google has been the subject of similar type lawsuits involving the Geico and American Airlines trade names.

And while lower court rulings dismissed Rescuecom?s claims of trademark infringement, a 2009 ruling from the 2nd US Circuit Court of appeals determined the charges to be valid. As a result, the Google/ Rescuecom lawsuit will play out in the courts.

Of course, a company as massive and interconnected as Google has its own trademark handling policies, however digital property rights are still a developing concept in the online world as well as in the court system.

Copyright Infringements?

Copyright infringements involve the illegal distribution and/ or sale of copyrighted works. One major lawsuit involving Napster -an online file-sharing site- demonstrates the new limits or boundaries that must exist online in order for intellectual property rights to be protected on the Internet.

In 2000, the Recording Industry Association of America or RIAA filed a lawsuit against Napster for copyright infringement violations. As Napster?s file-sharing service allowed users to swap music files (among other file types), this allowed users to obtain new music recordings without having to actually having to pull out their?credit card best interest rate. The courts found Napster guilty of illegal distribution of copyrighted material since the musical artists and recording companies held the actual copyrights to the music.

It seems light-years ago that the RIAA ? Napster case was the talk of the industry. ?iTunes now dominates the sale of legitimate digitized music, but issues continue to abound regarding the resale of legally obtained digitized copyrighted materials, for example. ?In the digital world duplication and distribution cost nothing and can occur in an instant. ?Although Napster is a distant memory to some, the issues presented by the ease of infringing in a digitized world remain.

Conclusion?

As the Internet continues to grow, ecommerce sales have grown by leaps and bounds with each passing year. The effects of digital property rights violations carry certain consequences for consumers and for the economy as a whole. And while companies like Amazon may forego the generic?ad space for a more innovative shopping experience, any attempts to improve sales turnover rates will fall by the wayside if other companies can profit from stealing their ideas.

As intellectual property law was written to protect and maintain fair marketplace practices, the Internet?s continued growth rates warrant refining the laws that protect digital property rights. In effect, failure to properly define digital property rights can result in slowed economic progress as companies and individuals become less inclined to introduce new products in the marketplace. Consumers, too run the risk of purchasing sub-par merchandise in cases where pirating and illegal distribution practices go unnoticed in the online world.

If we learned anything from the RIAA?? Napster battle it was that when these two squared off in litigation it allowed Apple to develop a dominant foothold. ?As the giants of Silicon Valley continue to fight each other opportunities will present themselves for others, which in turn will create new businesses and an entirely new set of legal issues.


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    Frustration with registration and login isn?t limited to mobile devices, of course. As the web has become more participatory and an integral component of our lives, the average web user has accumulated dozens of accounts at different websites ? each with a distinct username and password to remember. Even more...
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Why private schools are better than state schools: a theoretical ...

By Marc Morgan

Are private schools something Charles Ponzi could have dreamt up?

A traditional Ponzi scheme ?is an investment fraud that involves the payment of purported returns to existing investors from funds contributed by new investors.? (U.S Securities and Exchange Commission)

A ?theoretical Ponzi scheme? is a theoretical fraud that involves the belief in something because others believe in it.

Both Joseph Markus and Babak Moussavi have recently made valuable contributions to the debate on social mobility. Schooling figured strongly, at least in the background, in both of their assessments. In this piece I wish to offer a theoretical analysis on the issue of schooling by assessing the widely held belief that private schools are, ?in general?, superior market alternatives for education than state schools. I will solely concern myself with what I see to be the foundational argument for this hypothesis and abstain from dealing with other possible factors which are relevant to the question. Their analysis would demand a separate article, and I think they only come into view once the foundational argument has been accepted.

The hypothesis, of private schools being better than state schools, was formally brought to my attention by the acclaimed economist Arye Hillman, currently William Gittes Chair of economics at Bar-Ilan University in Israel. In 1995 Prof. Hillman was awarded the Max-Planck Prize in economics for his contributions to political economy. These contributions are made clear in his widely used public policy textbook Public Finance and Public Policy (2009). It should be noted that Prof. Hillman?s primary point of reference is education in the US, but the argument itself can be said to have universal appeal, given its nature.

The main argument Prof. Hillman offers then is one which is commonly advanced and rarely challenged. At least, in my experience in education it has been the standard view. The argument, extracted (and formalised) from Hillman (2009) runs as follows:

  1. If friends and fellow students are important in determining motivation for educational achievement then parents will prefer to send their children to private schools where, for extra payment, the children can be with other children whose parents are also willing to pay for a better education
  2. Friends and fellow students are important in determining motivation for educational achievement
  3. Therefore, parents will prefer to send their children to private schools (from 1 and 2)
  4. Teachers enjoy teaching more in environments where students are more motivated
  5. Since students in private schools, being the children of more motivated parents and being themselves more motivated, are in an environment with other equally motivated students, then teachers in private schools enjoy teaching more than teachers in state schools (from 3 and 4)
  6. Therefore teachers in private schools are more motivated than teachers in state schools (from 5)
  7. Therefore private schools are better than state schools (from 6)

The argument really contains two parts or sub-arguments, one detailing why parents choose private schools over state schools (1-3) and another arguing why teachers are more motivated in private schools (4-7). Both combine to argue, in effect, that private schools are superior to state schools.

In the first sub-argument premise 2 is the important premise. Hillman assumes it to hold, as most people would. The first sub-argument is then valid and sound. However in relation to private schools the argument offers no distinguishing feature which is in any way inherent to private education. All it says is that private schools will more than likely induce highly motivated students.

It is worth noting here that when I judge this argument to be sound I have in mind the truth of the premises from the point of view of the parents. It reflects, in other words, how most parents think (of those who are able to afford private schools). From the point of view of the students the first sub-argument completely ignores the equally reasonable assumption of family background influencing child motivation. A child who comes from an economically ?poor? background (with neither parent having attended third level education, for example) might have greater motivation to exert higher levels of effort and performance given the higher ?marginal returns? associated with that child?s effort, as compared to those of child from a wealthy background. This said however, a parents? choice of education will more than likely be confined to the choice of other equally concerned parents in seeking ?a better education?, as Hillman observes. But this does not tell us anything qualitative about private schools, other than the predisposed attributes of the students they attract.

Similar theoretical features are present in the second sub-argument. Premise 4 is self-evident, while premise 5 and conclusion 6 rely on assumptions external to what the institutions themselves provide. Again this argument seems to be equally valid, and probably more sound than the first sub-argument, given the first?s ignorance of the connection between family background and child motivation. However the overall conclusion of the main argument (7) is an unjustified extension. As highlighted, the entire argument does not argue for private schools producing ?better educated? individuals, it just says that ?better? (more motivated) students will attend private schools, a claim which is itself arguable. This argument, in effect, makes no institutional claims for private schools (or against state schools). So we really end up with a conclusion which may read that ?better students attend private schools and thus private schools produce better students?. But this is entirely circular. One is left to hypothesising without arguing. In fact the whole argument isn?t really an argument at all, at least in what it intends to demonstrate, i.e. that private schools are ?better? educational institutions than state schools.

The reason why such a flawed and uninformative demonstration appears to be convincing, at least, for parents, is the self-fulfilling nature of the outcome. The more parents that are concerned with sending their children to schools where ?for extra payment the children can be with other children whose parents are also willing to pay for a better education? and willing for their motivated children to be with other motivated children of equally motivated parents, the more beneficial the result will be for those willing make the extra payment. Such is the fragile and illusory nature of the argument that it closely resembles a traditional Ponzi scheme. And such is this resemblance that it appropriates the name ?theoretical Ponzi scheme?. On this account the scheme requires a constant belief in the superior quality of private education because others believe in it and a consistent flow of money from parents to continue. Like with traditional Ponzi schemes, ?theoretical Ponzi schemes? tend to collapse when it becomes difficult to attract new believers or when a large number of believers ask for the justifications of the theory. Such justifications may also rely on the ?success rate? of the institutions or the valuable student networking that such institutions offer. But even these factors are only possible once the argument analysed above, which groups the potentially ?successful? and ?valuable? students in the first place, is believed.

In the domain of education we must recognise the systematic damage that arguments of the above sort pose for society. Progress will be made once we dismantle them and once we begin to debate the real issues, like the purpose of education, the desire for social justice, and equality of opportunity or social mobility.

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